Non-lethal effects on the hunting strategy of predator: a data driven approach using classical mechanics and schedule of fear

Article Type

Research Article

Publication Title

Theoretical Ecology

Abstract

The inevitability of non-consumptive effects (NCE) is evident within the dynamics of prey-predator relationships. These non-lethal effects, notable for their variability, significantly influence the behavioral responses and reproductive patterns of the prey population, leaving a distinct mark on predation numbers. A bulk of existing research has focused on assessing the impact of NCE on the prey population or identifying suitable hunting strategies. But, there exists a noticeable research gap that fails to explore the pervasive influence of NCE on predator hunting strategies, a central point emphasized in this manuscript. Our theoretical investigation effectively bridges that lacuna, where schedule of fear (SOF) is playing a pivotal role. Note that this is the first attempt where the SOF is brought under the umbrella of theoretical framework. In this connection, we evaluate the probability distribution of the predation rate for distinct hunting strategies, which helps to choose the optimal predation scheme under the evoke of NCE. The application of the theoretical result on the movement data of Elk and Mule deer reflects that a predator becomes benefits from employing the “active-search” hunting tactic during the prey-predator interactions.

DOI

10.1007/s12080-025-00612-z

Publication Date

12-1-2025

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